Difference in Gothic and Romanesque architecture Essay

Different Architecture of Romanesque and Gothic Inspired Buildings There have been numerous pilgrimages made across France and Spain, each one just as unique as the one before it. Along these routes there are an immeasurable number of magnificent churches and temples each with their own history, architecture and art work, making them very distinctive. Time and place are important influences of the design of these churches and temples when they were built; this means that we have encountered scores of distinct architectural types along our pilgrimages. I will examine as well as compare the similarities and differences of two types of architecture from the middle ages called Romanesque and Gothic. Romanesque and Gothic architecture differ in many ways from how the exterior looks to the mood on the inside to the sculptures, arch types and the clerestory. The two architectural types are different because they were influenced by the different forces surrounding them at the time. The periods in time when these architectures were being defined played an important role in the outcome. Romanesque architecture started being used in the 6th century and eventually evolved into Gothic architecture in the 12th century which lasted until the 16th century .1 We can see clear evolution of the distinct features of Romanesque architecture morphing into Gothic architecture. During the 12th century there are buildings containing features of both Romanesque and Gothic architecture. As the buildings would take years to complete, the initial stages of the building would be Romanesque and the later parts would be Gothic. I will look closely at two churches while also touching on other churches that we have discussed this semester and compare their features. St Sernin in Toulouse, France and Notre Dame Cathedral in Chartres, France will represent Romanesque and Gothic respectably. The church of St Sernin is the largest church in Toulouse, the fourth largest city in France, and it is Romanesque architecture at its finest. Toulouse was once part of a region called Roman Gaul and the church was built during the time of the Roman Empire. This is why we see Romanesque architecture throughout France and areas of Spain. The Notre Dame Cathedral in Chartres, France is considered to be one of the most important Gothic buildings, not only along the pilgrimage routes but in the world. Unlike Toulouse, Chartres is a tiny little country town however, Notre Dame  Cathedral is famous for its beautiful architecture, unique sculptures and awe inspiring stain glass windows. The exterior of Romanesque architecture was built more for function than beauty. We find most of this architecture embedded in castles where defence was imperative. While defence was n’t as important for the churches we can still see this style existing in many Romanesque churches. â€Å"The walls of Romanesque buildings are often of massive thickness with few comparatively small openings†.2 Having thick walls and small windows, the castles were almost impenetrable however this meant the design of the churches were relatively simplistic when compared to Gothic buildings. When we look at St Sernin we able to identify these features. There are numerous windows around the church however as St Sernin is a rather large Church you would expect to see more windows with other styles of architecture. The front of St Sernin has one large round window but the rest of this facing is mainly stone with few relatively small windows. When we compare this to Gothic architecture we can see a significant difference. When Romanesque architecture evolved into Gothic architecture the arches were no longer just for sustaining the weight, they became more visually appealing. Gothic architecture came to be because of â€Å"a unique combination of existing technologies†¦ Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress†.3 These new technologies meant that the exterior walls could be thinner and have more windows as the weight of the roof and upper levels were better distributed through clustered columns. Having lighter walls and more windows and openings led to more decorative and visually stunning buildings considered to be works of art. Notre Dame Cathedral is an impressive work of art which uses all the new technologies in displaying one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture. The facade of the cathedral is high and well decorated. There is a magnificent round window which is the centre piece of the face which is surrounded by countless pointed arch windows designed to support the weight. Unlike the church of St Sernin where most of the front wall was stone, Notre Dame’s front wall consists mostly of windows. These exterior features had a significant impact on the interior feel and m ood of the buildings. The amount of light let in by the two comparative architectural types has a lot to do with the feel and mood of the interior. When entering different buildings one â€Å"can feel the difference between the [two types of]  architecture†.4 When it comes to the Romanesque style of St Sernin, very little light is able to penetrate the thick walls with little openings which makes the interior mood feel dark and gloomy. When you compare that to the Gothic Notre Dame, with its numerous windows it has a completely different feel. Instead of feeling dark and gloomy like St Sernin, Notre Dame’s interior has a much lighter and a more inviting mood. ] Another defining feature of Gothic architecture is one of the new technologies, the pointed or ogival arches. This new way of carrying the weight was revolutionary as costs could be cut by having more glass and less stone work. Structural â€Å"use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different visual character to Romanesque†.5 These arches meant the ceiling could be made higher than before symbolising an aspiration for heaven. All Gothic openings such as windows, doorways and galleries are made with pointed arches. The church at St Sernin is no exception to this rule. Looking at the outside of the building all you can see is pointed arch doors and windows. It is the same once you have entered the building, pointed archways running down both sides of church. Compared to Gothic architecture, Romanesque architecture was an outdated technique when it came to efficiency. Romanesque design wasn’t as adv anced, instead of using efficient pointed arches like Gothic designs; rounded or semi circle arches were used for their arches. This is more efficient at holding weight than a square doorway but not as efficient as a pointed arch. To overcome this weakness of the rounded arches â€Å"instead of a single round arch of stone to span an opening†¦ [they use] multitudinous arches†.6 This way the weight load is spread over numerous arches instead of a single arch. When we look at the church in St Sernin the doorways and windows are all rounded. The main entrance has two large rounded doorways, when we look closely we can see it isn’t a like the other arches, to carry the weight they have made the arch wider than the wall coming out a few feet. When we go inside we can see that on top of the rows of columns on the interior there are rounded arches, even the roof is a rounded arch which is supported by moulded arches. Sculpture work that exists on the inside and outside of churches had two purposes. Intricate sculpture works on the churches were visually appealing making them more attractive to pilgrims and tourists and it was also a way of storytelling that was guaranteed to last  as long as the church. Romanesque sculptures evolved over the years having three distinct periods. A primitive period, the second period was marked by baroque exaggeration and the final refining and assimilating period.7 This style of sculpture work often depicts scenes of everyday life including both people and animals. While the scenes of the sculptures rarely altered, how they were depicted was. In the second period â€Å"[g]rotesque figures of men and animals, and designs derived from vegetable kingdom†8 were common. As we move into the third period depictions are more realistic. At St Sernin there is an abundance of Romanesque sculptures carved into the south portal. It is an early piece of Romanesque scul pture work as the subjects of the art work are all regular in appearance. Over the south portal is a scene of Christ with the twelve apostles below looking up at him. This was a common enough depiction of Christ in Romanesque design, a very similar piece had been carved on a different church carved twelve years earlier. The end of the Romanesque period flowed smoothly into the new Gothic style of sculpture work. While it continued the â€Å"tradition of Romanesque sculpture, but it changed in its iconography †¦ tending towards a didactic representation of the most important persons and scenes in the Holy Scripture†.9 Other common themes are the twelve months and the signs of the zodiac, angels and saints. Gothic architecture took the already existing Romanesque architecture and channelled this into a more comprehensive and calculated work of art with the ability to touch any individual that gazes upon her art and for individuals who understand Gothic sculpture have a deeper appreciation. The faà §ade at Notre Dame Cathedral has three magnificent doorways, and above the centre doorway is a great depiction of Christ created using a Gothic sculpture style. Christ is standing surrounded by an eagle, bull, lion and a winged man. Visitors are able to enjoy this work for its quality although t hose who understand the piece realise that the eagle represents Saint John, the bull represents Saint Luke, the lion represents Saint Mark and the winged man represents Saint Matthew. Gothic and Romanesque architecture dominated the middle ages used to create magnificent churches, temples and castles considered to be works of art. Romanesque architecture evolved into Gothic architecture during the 12th century. While these two types of architecture sometimes overlapped during the transitional period, Gothic and Romanesque architecture are like chalk and cheese when you examine them closely. From the ingenuity of the design, the mood and feel of the interior, the visual effect of the exterior and the beautiful sculpture work. Gothic architectures used all of the available technologies available to them, so they were able to create structures that Romanesque architectures could only dream of. These new design methods meant that the interior mood has also morphed; Romanesque architecture had a damp and dark mood which evolved into the bright and inviting Gothic architecture. Sculptures went from being grotesque figures in Romanesque architecture to a more defined and meaningful work of art in Gothic architecture. These two different styles of architecture may be different however they are still both quite capable of inspiring individuals which means that they will be a destination for pilgrims and tourists for the years to come. Bibliography Browne, Edith A, Romanesque Architecture (Kessinger Publishing, 2005) Frankl, Paul, Gothic Architecture (Yale University Press, 2000) Groce, Jenae, An Introduction to Gothic Architecture (World Technologies, 2012) Morey, Charles R., The Source of Romanesque Sculpture (College Art Association, 1919)

God’s Intervention in the world Essay

Explain what is meant by the bible describing God as a miracle worker? Miracles have been reported all over the world for thousands of years. In most scenarios miracles are related to God, and the activity of God within the world suggesting God’s imminence. The world miracle originates from the word â€Å"miraculum† meaning a thing of wonder. It is an interruption to the processes of nature that cannot be explained by natural laws and therefore a transgression. An interruption such as this normally bears some deeper and usually religious significance. The bible recites many ideas of miracles by either God or though Jesus. Within the old testament the story of Joshua and the Israelites. This story explains how he took his army to defend a place called Gibeon and that God was on the side of Joshua and helps them defeat the enemies of Gibeon. God does this by the interruption of natural laws such as pro longing the days, and throwing down a storm of hail. Other texts within the bible suggest miracles performed by God. For example during the story of Moses where he parts the reed sea in order for the Israelites to escape from the Egyptians. Another way miracles are shown within the bible is through Jesus. This is shown in such miracles as the feeding of 5000 and healing of the paralysed man Jesus was told to even bring people back to life. The bible uses these miracles to show Gods immanence within the world and his the relationship between God and humanity. â€Å"miracles make it difficult to believe in a reliable god† The idea of miracles is that they defy the laws of nature. That God Is transcendent but shows his power and goodness by interacting within the world as a miracle worker. For many who have experienced miracles they see it as an experience with God, for an example the theopany between God and Moses. However many issues are raised by the idea of God interfering in the lives of others. Firstly, some people see miracles as being morally unfair. They would say that if God was all good why would he interfere in the lives of some and not others. Why would a good God chose to help certain people and leave others to suffer. For example God helped the Jews many times within the bible whether it be in the story of Moses, Joshua or the feeding of 5000. However let them suffer through persecution so badly during the holocaust of world war two. Not only this but through the stories of Joshua and Moses God is choosing to help some people, in this case the Israelites but not the Egyptians or the enemies of Gibeon if God is the creator of everything in order to be morally correct God should be fair and just. Furthermore in some accounts of miracles from the bible God chooses to help a single person, how would God chose who to help and who to stay in suffering if God was just and fair. A miracle itself therefore contradicts Gods omnibenevolence. Miracles also make God uncertain. According to religious believers God is the creator of everything â€Å"creation ex nihilo† and yet for a miracle to exist God must work against his own creation to create a miracle. This questions God’s immanence as it goes against the idea that God is omniscient and never changing. By producing miracles the original laws created by God are uncertain and changeable. Why would a God that is all God and powerful need to work against his own creation there should be no need for miracles. â€Å"God looked as his work and saw it was good.† How could God be the creator of the earth and want to change how it works?Maurice wiles would agree with this arguing that God couldn’t intervene on an individual level without undermining his whole creation. And that a good who could reject some suffering whilst choosing to help others it not worthy of worship. Although many follow this argument there are those who would say there does not need to be a choice between natural law and miracles, that they can co exist within the same world. That science can only develop by accepting new ideas of which miracles could be one. Also that miracles can have the same sorts of evidence as that of science, accounts by people, memories or physical traces left behind. David Hume is another philosopher who rejects that a reliable God cannot be a God of miracles. He suggests that miracles have nothing to do with God and that those talk of experiencing miraculous events are â€Å"barbarous† â€Å"ignorant† and â€Å"gullible† By this he means that the idea of God creating miracle is simply an excuse for those who cannot understand the true and natural reason for the occurrence. On the other hand there are those who would argue with the ideas of Hume and others sharing that opinion. They would say that although it is questionable as to whether miracles exist and are caused by God there is and equal lack of evidence to deny the occurrence of miracles. Equally that for a religious person it is not to question how God interacts within the world, just to have faith and accept that God is omnipotent, omni benevolent etc and that God must perform these miracles for a reason that is beyond the understanding of humans but is for a good cause.

How does Seamus Heaney reveal his culture in ‘Digging’ and ‘Follower’? Essay

Seamus Heaney was born in Northern Ireland in 1939 to a working class family. Being the eldest of nine siblings wasn’t easy yet Heaney’s intelligence was highlighted when he won a scholarship to a catholic school at the tender age of twelve. He had an agricultural background and was raised on the family farm where he stood proud of his hard working ancestors and their skills. After studying Heaney’s first pair of poems ‘Digging’ and ‘Follower’ I can especially relate to the strong family values Heaney displays, yet an important part of the Irish tradition is for a father to pass on his business or trade down to the eldest son. We see how Heaney would feel pressurised; indeed he would have a lot to live up to judging by that exposed in his poetry. It is well known that most Irishmen are working class and Ireland has a very strong pub culture; from this fact stems many stereotypes. Through his poetry Heaney attempts to challenge the discrimination that is regularly shown towards Irish farmers. We see even today many frequently told jokes involve the Irish man as the fool; it’s the Irish farmer that is especially misinterpreted, yet Heaney gives us a fair insight into the life of his family and their farming profession; he tells readers of the immense skill needed to farm well and the capability of an Irish farmer. He is therefore challenging the tradition yet damaging the stereotype. Firstly we see how ‘Digging’ has both a metaphorical and literal meaning to it. The literal meaning is that his father and grandfather are farmers, the poem talks about his family ‘Digging’ and working on the farm. Onwards from this the metaphorical meaning is that Seamus Heaney himself is ‘Digging’ into his past and background, which indeed is farming. Hence the title is rather effective. ‘Digging’ is about Heaney breaking away from the family tradition and becoming a poet thus it is written in an untraditional way. In ‘Digging’ Heaney begins his poem in the present tense he is describing what he is doing and his surroundings at the time of writing before he takes a step back in time, reminiscing and evaluating his thought process as his memories link causing him to remember the past and the skills of his father and grandfather. He is sat by his window to write the poem and therefore fulfilling his passion as a poet; he describes seeing his elderly father straining amongst the flowerbeds, then goes into the past and reminisces again about his father and how he would farm so well. He writes of the times when he and his father would work together picking potatoes on the farm. Further on Heaney delves deeper into his family history, he moves on from his father and begins to speak of his grandfather linking the two together via their epic skills. He writes â€Å"By God, the old man could handle a spade Just like his old man.† Heaney uses his chain of thoughts in a very orderly way and describes the potato picking days from his past, he goes into detail about how the potatoes smelt and the sound of the ‘soggy peat’. He then ends with a stanza much like his first, yet within this stanza we see how he realises that his tool is not that of a farmer but is a pen and his skill is to write. The final line, however, is set in the future tense to emphasise Heaney’s determination – â€Å"I’ll dig with it.† In contrast ‘Follower’ is a very different poem. Here, Seamus Heaney writes about his days on the farm from the perspective of being a young boy. He sees his father working on a horse and plough as he recollects upon how he looked up to his father and saw him as a great role-model, indeed, as a child Heaney himself wanted to become a farmer. Thus the poem is, unlike ‘Digging’ written in a traditional way. Following in his fathers footsteps and traipsing around the farm Heaney would make a nuisance of himself. The poem is ended with a twist as Heaney states that the tables have turned as considering the present Seamus Heaney feels his father is stumbling behind him. This is reflected when he states: â€Å"It is my father who keeps stumbling Behind me and will not go away.† Like the general theme in ‘Digging’ these two lines have both a literal and metaphorical meaning, the literal is that his father is now and old man and is physically stumbling behind him and becoming a nuisance. The hidden metaphorical meaning is one that highlights the shame he feels, the way in which his father is ‘stumbling’ behind him reflects how the memories of breaking the family tradition haunt him still and how his father is now a burden through the regret he feels. â€Å"Digging† starts by setting the scene with a two line stanza: â€Å"Between my finger and my thumb The squat pen rests: snug as a gun† The poet is sitting, watching and listening whilst absorbing his surroundings. We see how he is in deep thought as the second line simile reveals that although the pen is sitting comfortably it is potentially enormously powerful. He refers to his pen as ‘squat’ I believe this is ironic as the burden of breaking a tradition and risking further collapsing the Irish stereotype is not light at all in fact it is a heavy burden to handle. Heaney lets his pen rest as he observes his father out of the window this creates an opposing mood to the following phrase â€Å"snug as a gun† this truly convinces the reader of its power. I believe that through this he is showing us that he feels he must detach himself as a writer from his family in order to view his relationships from a realistic perspective; he must distance himself from the feelings he has towards his family in order to evaluate fairly and make things less personal to him and more of an all round view upon the farming tradition. In the next stanza we are shown how ‘Digging’ is an auditory poem: â€Å"†¦a clean rasping sound When the spade sinks into gravely ground:† This is what Heaney is hearing as he looks out of his window. The fact he uses sounds brings him poem to life more and makes everything more realistic. Heaney then writes â€Å"My father, digging. I look down† I believe that this metaphor could symbolise the fact that Heaney is higher is status than his father; Heaney is a middle-class poet whereas his father is a working class farmer. In stanza four of ‘Digging’ it says: â€Å"The coarse boot nestled on the lug, the shaft against the inside knee was levered firmly. He rooted out tall tops, buried the bright edge deep† I believe that the first two lines convey to us that the spade is just as comfortable for his father as then pen is for him. On the next line the words ‘rooted’, ‘out’ and ‘tops’ are examples of assonance whereas ‘buried’ and ‘bright’ are both alliteration these two literacy devises together have an astonishing appeal adding poetic structure to the piece. In the sixth stanza Heaney says: â€Å"Once I carried him milk in a bottle Corked sloppily with paper. He straightened up To drink it, then fell to right away† He is talking about his grandfather the way he says he â€Å"fell to† gives us the image of a robot like character programmed into doing his work only. It seems that he has no time for his grandson and although he is working hard and is focused this also is a reflection of their poor relationship and highlights the lack of intimacy between the two. The fact that Heaney carried his grandfather milk shows that the children were encouraged to partake in family work and start their farming at a young age. Heaney praises and celebrates his fathers farming skills throughout his work and the relaxed movements and smooth rhythm that is described within Heaney’s poetry becomes a great reflection upon the poetic technique of him as a writer showing that though his father has rhythmic physicality he himself can create a great poetic flow: â€Å"Nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods Over his shoulder, going down and down For the good turf. Digging.† Through these lines we see Heaney recreating the movement and allowing us to absorb the precise handling and controlled rhythm farming requires. Also the way the poet uses the title of the poem in a short sentence is very effective because it reinforces and reminds us of the key ideas Heaney wishes to highlight within this particular poem. The final two stanzas’ I believe are crucial to the success of the poem as a whole. Heaney firstly says: â€Å"The cold smell of potato mould, the squelch and slap Of soggy peat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This again is a reflection of the auditory aspect of the poem. We see here how the smells of Irish farming are also embedded in Heaney’s memory; the onomatopoeia and alliteration used here makes his senses visual for the reader to interpret. Heaney goes on to state: â€Å"Through living roots awaken in my head. But I’ve no spade to follow men like them† My interpretation of this phrase would suggest the harsh reality that he himself is attached from the roots of his family tree. We see that though he admires his family greatly he hasn’t got the drive, the skill or the ambition to continue and repeat their fine work. The fact Heaney doesn’t have the skill of a farmer is reflected when he states â€Å"But I have no spade† this translates to tell the reader that he isn’t at all like his family members and shows us that he is distancing himself from them. The poem finally ends with a stanza much like the first: â€Å"Between my finger and my thumb The squat pen rests. I’ll dig with it† It is clearly noticeable that the poet has not used any reference to a gun here and we see he has replaced the gun with a tool so he may dig. I believe that when he says he will ‘dig’ with his pen he is talking about digging into his family history and glorifying his ancestors by continuing their tradition in his own way. I believe that the fact the last line in set in the future tense emphasizes Heaney’s determination. I also think the ending of this poem concludes some sort of temporary resolution yet we know the poet is not finished; there is more that Heaney feels must be said in order to settle his troubled mind and erase the stereotype. This brings us onto follower†¦ ‘Follower’ being the title of this poem is in itself slightly ironic as he is writing of how he used to be a follower to his father as a child, traipsing around the farm; yet there is the reality that now he knows he cannot follow his father in the family tradition. Throughout this poem the skill and precision of Heaney’s father is stressed. He starts stanza two by calling his father â€Å"An expert.† This is an extremely short sentence with no verbs which conveys the feeling that there is no dispute about Heaney’s appraisal of his father; I believe it is an accurate opinion of the man’s ability and precision. The phrase â€Å"Single pluck† proves his father can turn a horse and plough around effortlessly this conveys the flawlessness he has achieved over time. In the next stanza â€Å"Narrowed and angled† is used to again describe the precise technique his father uses. The second half of the poem which consists of three stanzas’, talks about Heaney as a child and how he acted rather than about his father and the skills he had. The starts of these three stanzas’ I believe are very significant†¦Ã¢â‚¬ I stumbled† is the first, followed by â€Å"I wanted† and finally â€Å"I was a nuisance†. I think that these truly prove to the reader Heaney’s acceptance of his failure as a child and his failure as a farmer. Within the fourth stanza of â€Å"Follower† Heaney mention’s â€Å"the polished sod† this again describes how neat his father was by allowing us to create a picture of how exact and perfect the farmland was; the term ‘sod’ means a surface covered with grass or turf it also can be a section cut or torn from the surface of grassland, containing the matted roots of grass we imagine this to be tatty and not at all as Heaney describes it; this reflects upon how his father was such a credible craftsman, it seems like he could perfect any land. The father son relationship is also reflected within ‘Follower’: â€Å"Sometimes he rode me on his back, Dipping and rising to his plod.† We know that Heaney’s father is a man of strength and power but here we see that he is also a man with love for his dear son. Their loving relationship is prominent through the way he treats his son. These two lines show readers that they both enjoyed being together on the farm and also that Heaney’s father showed sheer enjoyment when introducing his eldest son to a life of farming and to the traditional trade itself. Although Heaney was a nuisance his father would encourage him and help him along. We see how Heaney is filled with idolisation towards his heroic father, he says: â€Å"I wanted to grow and plough, To close one eye, stiffen my arm.† This symbolizes his admiration and shows us that Heaney as a child saw farming as a way of emulating his father’s actions. I as a reader can understand what an immense opportunity farming could have been for Heaney it was a chance for him to live up to his fathers achievements and continue to accomplish greatness in the trade himself; therefore glorifying the family name. Through studying this poem I can see how the poetry itself is much more flexible than that within ‘Digging’. I can see how he has eased up and feels he can be more personal with the way he writes he is talking about himself and his father directly throughout showing to me as a reader that he is calmer and no longer has so many serious and forceful points he must portray to us; his mind seems more settled. He shows acceptance of his fathers work and growing composure which is just slightly shattered as he shows again his frustration and regret at the end of the poem. As shown, Heaney uses many poetic techniques within his work , often he uses imagery; this literacy devise is a great tool that brings his work to life creating a sense of immediacy that produces vivid pictures in our minds making me as a reader feel involved and captured within the moment. Within ‘Digging’ images of a ‘man-machine’ are used to glorify and intensify the pictures we see when imagining Heaney’s ancestors whereas ‘Follower’ uses nautical imagery, this is imagery that is linked to ships and boats. We are given the image of a man-machine in ‘Digging’ through the powerful, masculine verbs Heaney uses he says rhythmic words such as ‘straining’ and ‘stooping’ they are monotonous, repetitive and reveal the strenuous nature of pastoral work illustrating the power his father and fathers father wielded with their shovel and sweat. â€Å"Twenty years away† This is a phrase that reinforces the repetitive nature of the physical labour it lets us know that farming is a job for life. Heaney visualises his father in his prime to place emphasize upon the power he had. The technical terms used like ‘lug’, ‘shaft’ and ‘levered’ confirm the machine image. With machine-like accuracy â€Å"He rooted out the tall tops, buried the bright edged deep† The alliteration used here enhances the reader’s visual imagery producing a picture of experience and excellence. We see further on how the image of a man-machine is reinforced as Heaney speaks of his grandfather, he says: â€Å"Nicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods Over his shoulder, going down and down For the good turf.† This shows us that the generations of skill have been passed down through the family as has the ancient tradition; we see how Heaney’s grandfather truly knew his craft. Great strength and power is exposed when reading these lines. Follower immediately illuminates the agricultural aspect of Ireland; we see this is the first line where he says his father â€Å"worked with a horse-plough† to reinforce the Irish cultivation Heaney uses technical terms such as ‘wing’, ‘sock’ and ‘headrig’ this shows his involvement in the farming tradition and his up bringing is reflected as we see he has come to learn the language of a true farmer. We came to realise that instead of the man machine images that are used in ‘Digging’ Heaney uses nautical references to create imagery within ‘Follower’; the nautical aspect is used to interpret the flow of his fathers work which works immensely well. The first of the nautical implications is when Heaney speaks of his father saying: â€Å"His shoulders globed like a full sail strung† This simile is used to show the immense strength and great power within his father’s masculine physique; it epically suggests that there are definite requirements and necessities needed to be as good a farmer as Heaney’s father indeed is. I also believe that the word ‘Globed’ is especially used as it has a hidden meaning I believe it suggests that Heaney thinks the world of his father and that it is a reflection of his father’s Godly ambience. The third line of the second stanza states that: â€Å"The sod rolled over without breaking† This nautical reference translates to the fact that as the earth turned it looked like a wave breaking in the sea. â€Å"Mapping the furrow exactly† This is a navigational image, the use of the word exactly reveals that his father does the work precisely and perfectly emphasizing upon his experience and skill showing he has been working the land for a long time. Heaney also says: â€Å"I stumbled in his hob-nailed wake† Again this is said nautically when referring to his father this reference is meaning that he Was like a ships trail; his father indeed being the ship itself. This reference could also symbolise an image of the ploughman’s heavy boots, the carefully ploughed furrow and the child’s clumsy enthusiasm.

The Subject of Economics Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Subject of Economics - Personal Statement Example Apart from the theoretical knowledge that intrigued me during my school days, my aunt is also responsible for my liking for the subject. She is a businesswoman, working as an executive director in Li and Fung Trading Ltd, one of the largest trading logistics company in the world. Often my aunt and I used to discuss the business environment of Hong Kong as well as that of other nations where the company has its operation. These discussions molded my thought process and helped me to understand the manner in which economic condition of the domestic country affects the products and services that are offered by companies operating in its market. Such findings further increased my love for the subject and I finally realized that one should gather practical experience for understanding the operation of economics in the day to day life. I was lucky enough to get the opportunity to work in Li and Fung Trading Ltd during the summer of 2005. I was sent to Shanghai to work in one of the branches and to learn how a marketing company operates. There, I was assigned a variety of job responsibilities, like conducting paper works, customer dealing, accepting orders from customers and then forwarding them to the respective vendors. All these activities were sufficient for me to understand the manner in which a company operates. I also visited the factory of the vendors for quality inspection of the products that are supplied to the company. In brief, I had actively participated in the supply chain management of the company.

Reengineering business process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Reengineering business process - Case Study Example This ever increasing competition necessitated the company to contemplate about the provision of information on various matters including marketing at appropriate time points. However, contrary to the expectations of its well wishers, the superannuated legacy systems used by the company had serious flaws in their architecture which impaired the achievement of organizational effectiveness and strategic objectives. The critical problem associated with structure of legacy systems was its inability to integrate and become compatible with other systems. To overcome these shortcomings and survive in the industry, the company decided to re-engineer the global supply chain namely PRIDE project (Process re-engineering through Information Delivery Excellence). As a part of the re-engineering programme, implementation SAP/R3 is a critical endeavour to become a truly global company (Scott and Vessey, 2002). The company believes that implementing SAP, which is an enterprise-wide solution, will int egrate all the core functions of the organization comprising of Sales, Finance, Accounting, Logistics, Manufacturing, and HR. The centralized database and integrated architecture of SAP facilitates smooth flow of information across departments, eliminates data redundancy and provides a broader picture of the organization to management. The present essay is an attempt to evaluate and critically analyze the re-engineering programme of Dow Corning Corporation in term of organisational learning, project management and risk management. The essay takes a descriptive approach wherein all the requirements of an effective and workable re-engineering project are discussed in detail. The essay also suggests certain measures by which the project can be made operational and successful. Project Management Project management is commonly understood as the process of planning, monitoring and controlling a project so as to achieve its objectives on time and as per specific budget, quality and performance (Atkinson, 1999). The successful ERP implementation needs many resources and factors and Al-Mashari at al. (2003) have developed the critical actors of ERP success and these factors can be shown as in Figure 2. After the analysis of Dow Corning ERP case, it has been observed that the company brought in many resources for the successful implementation of ERP. At the same time, it has also been noticed that the company neglected some areas completely and it is recommended that these areas are to be improved in future. The pre-implementation factors which have been observed as critical success factors are bifurcated into three stages, namely pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation. All these different stages involve many activities/efforts, all of which are briefed as below: Pre-implementation Stage 1. Vision and Planning Planning is indispensable for all activities in business, particularly for strategic operations. As the first move towards re-engineering, Dow Corning aligned IT strategy with its business strategy. This is followed by major changes in the existing in IT function. First, the company formed a new committee, the Process and IT Board. Second, a new business unit called BPIT (business processes and IT)

Managers learn better through experience. Theory has nothing to offer Essay - 2

Managers learn better through experience. Theory has nothing to offer - Essay Example Since management as a separate discipline was established, managers have been taught in a classroom setting where most of their learning has been theoretical. Theoretical learning for managers has been ineffective due to several reasons. One of the reasons is that theoretical learning does not take into account the diversity the types of organizations that managers are required to manage (Papamarcos, 2005, p327). In the field of management, there is a wide range of organizations with different needs in terms of management styles. This perspective is not captured in theoretical management training, which has the effect of making managers apply the same techniques in management therefore leading to failure of the organizations to meet their objectives. For instance, the expertise that is required from a manager that manages technology professionals will be different from the expertise that is needed by a manager in a political organization. This is because a manager in a political orga nization will be required to have conflict handling techniques, which may not be, require of his counterpart in a technology firm since there are minimal conflicts. Leaning through theories involves using the thoughts of other people to run organizations (Mazutis & Slawinski, 2008, p444). This weakness of using theory in managers’ training is the therefore in the pattern of the managers thinking or his way of doing things which may antagonise the theory that he is supposed to use. In turn, this will mean that the manager will not give the optimal productivity that he is capable of since he has been limited by the theory. In addition, using theory limits the managers to be innovative in new and more effective ways of managing the organization that will improve its performance; this is as a result of the manager being required to follow what the theory says. For instance, a manager may have been taught that the best way to manage the employees in an organization is by being ens uring his or her commands are followed, however, the employees may perform better if they are given a democratic space to air their views on ways which they think would help to increase the productivity of the organization. Training managers theoretically may entail using theories that were applicable in the past but which may not be effective currently (Vince, 2011, p340). The global organizational environment has been changing everyday due to advances in technology and changes in global business patterns such as globalization. Due to these dynamics in the organizational environment, the processes of running the organizations have been changing making it hard to use previous techniques to run organizations in the current environment. For instance, previously any meetings that the manager had with his or her juniors involved physical presence, which meant managers, had to travel a lot especially in the organizations that had several branches. However, with the coming of teleconferen cing, the manager is able to attend meetings with other employees in different locations without being physically present. Due to the challenges that leaning through theory presents to the managers, it has been widely acknowledged that leaning through experience would work best to ensure the knowledge that

Nursing - Aplication of Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing - Aplication of Theory - Essay Example However, the delivery of their services is in a detached manner, in which they have minimal physical and social contact with the patient. The nurse however is deeply involved at all stages with the patient, and has a stellar role to play throughout the recovery process, even after discharge. The nobility of the profession, already exemplified by Florence Nightingale, has been firmly established. The tremendous developments in science, education, medical techniques and information technology during the last and the present century have brought forth new concepts, Ideologies and roles for nursing as well as other professionals. An important aspect during this period has been the identification, conceptualization and practical application of numerous nursing theories’ which have established themselves as hallmarks for the nursing profession. A nursing theory has been defined as the body of knowledge that is used to support nursing practice with most of the presently recognized tw enty theories’ generated in the last 20 years, with new concepts being identified and added continuously(Web). Nursing theories have been pictorially visualized as a tree whose trunk is represented by Florence Nightingale’s whose significant contribution to the reduction of mortality in soldiers’ during the war in Turkey and efforts to bring about an association of nursing with spirituality, devotion and knowledge revolutionized the way nurses were looked at in society as well as the manner in which they operated (Tourville, 2003). Based on the strong foundations laid down by Nightingale, numerous nursing professionals have contributed to the development of this virtual tree whose roots have been described as the four meta-paradigms defined as person, environment, health and nursing (Tourville, 2003). Each subsequent contribution to the knowledge on nursing theories’ has been attributed to individual nursing practitioners’ who made a significant im pact on the subsequent school of thought in the profession. Jean Watson, who came up with the idea of her ‘carative theory’ in the latter part of the twentieth century has held great appeal in the subsequent years. Watson was influenced by philosophy and thoughts of eminent psychologists and personalities such as Carl Rogers, Yalom, Chardin, Sartre and Kirkland (Tourville, 2003). In addition she had vast experience in the nursing profession in multinational and multicultural environments. Watson relegated the scientific and medical aspects of healing to an altogether different aspect which she labeled as ‘Trim’ and stressed upon ‘caring’ for the patient as the most important aspect. She appealed for the nurses’ to treat themselves with gentleness and dignity while establishing a deep, caring relationship with the patient. She felt that the caring attitude of nurses’ as been buried under the technical aspects of healthcare. Unless and interpersonal relationship is established between the patient and the nurse, it is difficult to justify one’ duty as a nurse. The crux of her ‘carative factors focuses on unselfish concern for every human being, instillation of faith and hope in the sufferer, cultivation of sensitivity towards self as well as others, developing a helping attitude to strengthen trust, encouraging the patient to express freely, decision making through a problem solving

Should parents be able to design their own babies Essay

Should parents be able to design their own babies - Essay Example However, what is hidden behind the images of the healthy little girl, is that she has a gene ensuring that she will never fall victim to the HIV virus. Genetic scientists have already found the key that will give man the capacity to change the shape and destiny of human beings. Babies-to-order are no longer the futuristic fantasy of science fiction novels; the ability to design future members of the human race has already become a scientific reality. And as this technique advances, so will man's potential power to create, and fundamentally change, chosen aspects of human genetic make-up. This fact has already been understood by genetic engineering, and is being increasingly applied, as more and more parents opt for embryo screening (Shannon Brownlee, Washington Post, 2002). The choice of having embryo's screened to determine the presence of various life-threatening diseases, became UK law in 1990, with the introduction of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act. Then in April 1997, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe passed the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (GMO: Genetic Engineering, 2007). The resulting document, which was signed by 41 MP's from different countries, clearly states that genetic testing can only be performed in relation to health purposes, and that gender selection is forbidden, unless pertaining to a serious hereditary sex-related disease (Donald Bruce, 2007).The recent use of the approach of preimplantation genetic diagnosis in determining whether cancer cells were present in embryos, before implanting them into the wombs of four perpective mothers, took the use of PGD one step further. The acceptance of cancer as a possible disease that can now be treated by PGD, has pushed ethical, and legal, barriers forward (Sarah-Kate Templeton, TimesOnline, 2007). This development, and science's recognised ability to introduce esthetic elements into human embryos, are raising serious questions, as concerned groups and organisations attempt to define man's moral, ethical, and social guide lines.According to the BBC; In just four years time, the Human Genome Project, will have unraveled the locations and identities of every single component of the genome..... [this] will help lead to the identification of genes responsible for character traits such as predisposition to happiness and intelligence - as well as physical characteristics such as hair and eye colour (BBC News, 2000). This essay will be considering the question of whether parents should be allowed to design their own babies from two different positions. First, it will consider the arguments of a group of doctors and scientists working on incurable, child killing genetic diseases, who are in favour of granting permission for such approaches as embryo screening. Then it will be considering the position of an environmentally and ethically concerned organisation, which although not fundamentally opposed to genetic engineering approaches, fears that this approach is a step too far, and who therefore will be denying permission. Brussels, September 200.....Conference Report for Doctors & Scientists: Making Decisions for PGD. Man's war against disease, over the past decade, has advanced dramatically through the introduction of such techniques as PGD. This

Marketing communications tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing communications tools - Essay Example Notably, it can be ascertained that in the past few years’ digital technology and the expansion of targeting capabilities has shifted from the traditional marketing tools to digital marketing tools. Due to the continuous revolution in the field of marketing communication tools particularly the internet, it has be found that both small organizations as well as big organizations are widely inclined towards using modern digital marketing tools over the conventional tools. Traditional marketing tools involving print media (such as magazines, newspapers and newsletters) electronic media (such as broadcasting through television and radios) and direct marketing among others can be ascertained to be barely used by the contemporary business organizations. Nonetheless, both the traditional and digital marketing tools have some advantages and disadvantages. Hence, it would be wise to use the combine form of traditional and digital marketing tools in order to achieve the best outcome. ... Significance of Traditional Forms of Marketing Communications in the Contemporary Organizations It can be affirmed that digital marketing tools particularly internet has attracted the contemporary marketers to a great extent. However, heavy reliability on modern marketing tools does not mean that traditional marketing is disappearing. In this regard, it has been ascertained from a survey report that approximately USD $ 295billion was spent on television advertisement in the US during 2007. A huge investment on traditional marketing tool in this cotemporary world signifies vast majority of traditional media. At the same time, newspaper and magazines can also be ascertained to be effective marketing communication tools despite of its reducing importance amid the contemporary marketers. It is important to note that despite of inclination towards the new media few renowned companies like Procter and Gamble spent USD $3.5 billion on advertising purpose in 2006 with the use of TV, print an d other old media (Winer, 2008). Every business has different marketing requirements. It is not possible to state which marketing tool is best for the particular business. In the contemporary business environment an organization should not rely on one type of marketing, rather integrating both the traditional and digital marketing tools would be more feasible for the organization to attain the desire marketing communication goals. It can be firmly stated that integrating the two approaches will support the organization to achieve its broad marketing communication objectives. It can be stated that integration of traditional and digital marketing tools facilitate the organizations to develop the most appropriate

Identify and assess the significance of three factors that contributed to American westward movement Essay Example for Free

Identify and assess the significance of three factors that contributed to American westward movement Essay This could be dismissed as ‘the grass is always greener’. There were however a number of factors involved. These included the search for precious metal, the possibility of obtaining land and the expansion of the railways. Although usually described as a move west, it was to some extent also a move south as in the case of those seeking gold and silver in Californian mines as a result of the accidental finding of gold by James Marshall in 1848 as described by Steve Weigand on the web page ‘The California Gold Rush, an era remembered. Land was seen as a form of wealth and the majority of those who migrated to America did so in the hope of obtaining land to farm. Under British rule Europeans had been restricted in their settlement to the area east of the Appalachians, but after the Revolutionary War this inhibition was removed and so people streamed south and west. Later, with the coming of the railways, markets in the north could be served from further west. This allowed the great expansion of cities such as New York and Chicago. see more:which was a factor that led to the scientific revolution In the years immediately before the American Civil War in the 1860’s the railways had built up into quite a network serving the eastern states, but afterwards they gradually spread over the rest of the country. This meant that people no longer had to spend many weeks of hardship in order to reach their destination and so the tiny townships already established by earlier settlers were quickly expanded new comers seeking for themselves and their families a better life. The Irish potato famine of the 1840’s as described on the History Place web page, ‘The Blight Begins’ led to many immigrants from that country, the majority would not have been city folk, so it is perhaps natural that some migrated to the western states where they saw at least some hope for their future, just like all the other migrants.

Concepts of Psychoanalytical Theory

Concepts of Psychoanalytical Theory Human beings have inherited three types personality which are Id, Ego and Superego. The fundamental one is Id where anatomical desires, wants needs are of in need of immediate attention. For example food, water, sex is in need if this is not obtained one can be restless and annoyed. Secondly is Ego, its aim is to fulfill desires of the id with a balance which is morally cultivated in the society. This will take some time as it will analyze to make balance and try not to be senseless and selfish. Lastly is Superego rationalizing things with more morale values. It knows how to decide what is right and wrong? It has clearer precise decisions and very firm. Id Ego and Superego creates the final output of our behavior. Id has an immediate need, Ego as reality and of what others think and Superego as in conclusive of morality. (Wallerstein, 2002) Defense mechanism is a process of the mind which is unreachable to the conscious mind but which affects behavior and emotions such as denial or distort. In real situation it tries to protect from feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with unresolved issues during development can cause psychological upset. Psychological problems are linked to the unconscious. There are various ways which we suppress unwanted feelings into the unconscious mind which are through repression, reaction formation,  projection, regression,  sublimation, denial and Rationalization. (Bowins, 2004) Different therapist may work differently depending on the needs of the individuals that are seeking help from them. They however, will work on the following assumptions and concepts to surface repressed conflicts so that individuals can deal with It. Secondly manifest symptoms are caused by latent/hidden disturbance. Unresolved issues during development can cause psychological upset. Psychological problems are linked to the unconscious. The unconscious is where majority of the work of the mind gets fulfilled. It’s the store of instinctive skills the search for gut feelings and dreams, the tool of much information activated. Temporary instincts computes on the unconscious mind way before one can realize. The unconscious mind is not some lock-up of insupportable motives waiting to catch ones foot on something, but it can be the origin of unrelieved thoughts, fright, and approach that hinder with daily activities. Common sources of psychotherapy have goals to cultivate into conscious knowledge much of these delayed barriers, so that we can analyze them and choose how to gear them. (Joseph, 2012) Psychosexual developments which consist of five stages, as the following are Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and Genital. At each stage, satisfaction is identified on a certain part of the body. The variation of satisfaction in any one of these stages caused an obsessive interest, which would lead to disposition or psychological conditions. Firstly, in the oral stage new born baby are engrossed and seek a pleasure in sucking with the mouth lips and tongue at the mother’s breast, the mouth is a very active source. Babies are very dependent, if these needs are fulfilled then there already for the next stage. No satisfaction in this stage would lead to not trusting and very demanding in character and very dependent as an adult. This is followed by the Anal Stage, where the main focus is on anus which is defecating or retaining faces. Parent focus on toilet training for toddlers from the age of 1-3years. The baby has to control urges and also in behavioral terms. If this sense becomes too controlling or relaxed, it will lead to anal retention or anally expulsive which also focus character on orderliness and messiness. The third stage is the Phallic Stage, where a girl or boy between the age of 3- 6 focus on genitals which of majority gain satisfaction developed from resolving Oedipus/Electra complex, and cultivate an arousal for the opposite sex father or mother. The fixation for this would be deviancy and sexual dysfunction. Social morale values impose that these unfitting desires to be subdued, and when done with accomplishment, is followed by the Latency Stage which does not have any focus anatomically but develops defense mechanisms. Activities connected with physical attraction rest asleep until the next stage. The last stage is the Genital Stage is which occurs at the age of 12 onwards the focus is genital where an individual is reaching full sexual maturity. When sexual desires reawaken and is directed towards peers of the opposite sex. At each stage, conflicts must come to a successful resolution. Otherwise, it results in fixations that may cause psychological problems in the future. (Fritsch, 2013) Construction Personal theory sees a human in all angles, dismissing the difference between perception and verbal aspect. The sentimental value is seen as the realization of a transformation in analyzing. In warning, this change is in basic form, that midway to ones self. Self-reproach is the realization of behaving in a way which is incompatible with ones fundamental role, the establishment determining one’s usual ways of communicating with another person. Anxiety is the realization that ones form does not prepare one to foresee events. Aggression is the active elaboration of construing, while hostility is the attempt to extort evidence for a prediction rather than revising it when invalidated .Other strategies used to cope with invalidation and inconsistencies in construing include constricting ones world to exclude unpredictable events, and, conversely, dilating in an attempt to develop a way of construing the new experiences which one confronts. One may also loosen construi ng, making ones predictions less precise, or tighten, and more clearly define these predictions.(Kelly, 1955) The optimally functioning person is characterized by interplay of such strategies while formulating and revising constructions. However, in psychological disorder the person continues to employ a certain construction despite consistent invalidation. Over time, the practices in psychoanalysis have evolved since Sigmund Freud tinkering theories. Some of the basis of his theories has remained but there are others which were evolved and mutated, leaving a pluralistic diffusion of psychoanalytical viewpoints. Contemporary psychoanalysis provides inclusionary focus to include all current psychoanalytic theories together with the perceived relevant concepts from classical psychoanalysis. It also displays an interest in the self-person relations and person-cultural and social developments. In comparison, it dwells on what co-created between people, how individuals adapt to whom and where they are and also include negotiation relations of self to the internal and external factors of ongoing developments. There are without a doubt, limitations to psychoanalysis. The approach may lack a theory of interventions, often not focus on techniques which will render it difficult to replicate by other psychologist. The use of jargon seems rather to confuse than to serve as a means to clarify concepts which makes fundamentals tricky to understand. Terminologies such as Oedipus complex, electric complex may be outdated and irrelevant. (Rapaport Gill, 1959) Despite its limitations, psychoanalysis has the potential to offer an in-depth perspective of a person.Its holistic approach of considering developmental stages can allow further insights on an individual’s current behaviors. Besides clinical uses of psychoanalytic therapy as mentioned earlier, it can also be used for individuals who want to explore themselves. They can understand why they are the way they were, it can bring forth a sense of self and well-being. A single psychoanalytical therapy will not suffice as it requires multiple and long term therapy. As such, it may be a lesser option for those who are seeking quickly and problem based solutions therapy. Psychoanalytical therapy takes time and if adhered to, may provide a life changing results. (Plaut, 2011) Psychoanalytical therapy takes time and if adhered to, may provide a life changing results. According to (Great Ideas in Personality), one of the plus points of psychoanalytic theory is that it can be to explain the nature of human development and all aspects of mental functioning. Critics of psychoanalytic theory claim that it grossly exaggerates and generalizes human behavior. The best part of psychoanalytic theory is that it provides clients a chance to talk about their confusion with a therapist, who could help relieve signs of psychological stress. Even with this theory, most psychoanalytic theories are tough to conclude and most of the time it is overstress to the unconscious mind, sex, aggression and childhood. McAdams (2003) states that, â€Å"In conclusion, I believe there will not be one size that fits all treatments when it comes to human physical or mental health.† (pp.10-11).It should be complimented with evidence based theories and practices, medications if possible and if needed be, traditional intervention if it makes the individual comfortable and more confident in their overall treatment process. Sigmund Freud believes that an affected individual can be cured by making conscious of their unconscious thoughts and motivations to gain insights. Psychoanalysis therapy aims to release repressed experiences and emotions. It has many clinical applications especially in humanistic counseling to help patients / clients to bring about a positive change in their perspective towards life. Conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders can be treated effectively with psychoanalytic approach to a great extent. (Wilma ,2005)

Essay --

4.15 Addressing resistance It is important to gain employees support by keeping them well informed and involved during the change process. Piderit (2000) stated in a quote saying ‘’successful organizational adaptation is increasingly reliant on generating employee support and enthusiasm for proposed changes, rather than merely overcoming resistance’’. 56 M: ‘’I believe people should be informed as to the need for change and encouraged by senior management. Perhaps the promise of extra benefits or a pay rise once change has been successfully implemented would provide a degree of motivation’’. E1: ‘’Create open communication channels with employees in order to keep them informed about the process and to gain their support’’. The question asked about how resistance was addressed received mixed responses, the manager was seeking a motivational factor to encourage employees not resist in the shape of a pay rise, which is very logical, however the employee’s response was more about being informed in order to be supportive. Therefore what is required is to prepare employees for change, and this can be done via effective communication in the shape of seminars, newsletters, face-to-face meetings and other means. Some factors add to the fire of resistance rather than minimise it, a breakdown in communication channels or the communication of the wrong message is vital. Maintaining consistency of the message by ensuring the validity and reliability of the message is of particular importance to ensure that the correct message is delivered. CEO: ‘’Poor understanding caused by poor communication, communication is not briefing and telling people, communication is sending the message out, having it received and repeated back to you and you confirm... ...nderestimated, (ii) the benefits that could be achieved if it is done correctly and more importantly (iii) the problems that could be caused if you don’t address resistance to change’’. In response to my question about the lessons learnt, the three points highlight in a way or another, the importance of communication. To my understanding employee engagement in this context means the creation of a dialogue and opening of communication channels, delivering a message via the dialogue and ensuring that the message is repeated back to ensure validity of the message. The third point addresses and affirms that there could be obstacles that could surface if we don’t recognise the importance of addressing resistance to change. 60 Chapter 5: Discussions and Analysis of Findings "If you don’t like something, change it. If you can’t change it, change your attitude" Maya Angelou

Teen People Magazine Essay -- BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursework

Teen People Magazine The Teen People, September edition, is a magazine designed to appeal to young female readers. Its content features well known celebrities, use of bright and flashy colors, and an organized layout that attracts an upbeat, young readership interested in high-quality appearance and style. Although the magazine’s main focus may appear to insure a great fashion sense, it also concentrates on a philosophical orientation by covering a more diverse readership that includes all colors, sizes, and shapes of females. Teen People also expands its audience by recognizing both visual and text oriented audiences. To appeal to the more visual oriented audience, the magazine uses exotic photography in the advertisements for Self Esteem, Secret Deodorant, and Ralph Lauren. For the more text oriented audience, the magazine includes celebrity profiles on Ruben Studdard as well as both Nick Lachey and Jessica Simpson. Whether the audience is visual or text oriented, Teen People’s main objec tive is to create an animated and enjoyable magazine for young female readers. The advertisement for the clothing line Self Esteem uses an imaginative idea of a human butterfly to catch the eye of its visual oriented viewers (117). The advertisement pictures a young Mediterranean female with butterfly wings attached to her back. She is dressed in casual attire with green cargo pants and a simple khaki colored shirt. The unusual depiction and choice in clothing may insinuate that an athletic female reader can effectively express herself by dressing comfortably in Self Esteem clothing wear. The smile and happy indication illustrates that freedom of originality leads to eternal happiness. Self Esteem places the young female in the midst of... ...emales tend to desire. Self Esteem uses a deeper level of thinking to portray beauty. Secret Deodorant tends to advertise angelic beauty, whereas companies such as Ralph Lauren advertise natural beauty. Although both articles use big celebrities to attract their readers, they tend to differ in who is attracted and why they are attracted to the article. Whatever the approach may be, Teen People Magazine accurately appeals to all types of people who desire a good style sense, information on their favorite celebrities, and overall beauty. Works Cited Ralph Lauren advertisement. Teen People. September 2005: 51. Ruben Studdard Article. Teen People. September 2005: 176. Secret Deodorant advertisement. Teen People. September 2005: 64. Self Esteem advertisement. Teen People. September 2005: 117. "They’ve Got Game." Teen People. September 2005: 190.

What influences demand for housing? :: Economics

What influences demand for housing? There are many key factors that will affect the demand for housing some of the easy ones to notice are population and price. These factors effect lots of goods as the larger amount of people the more consumers there will be. With price a consumer will always wish to pay the lowest amount for a good. If the price gets to high then they will find a substitute. Looking at population in more detail it isn't as simple as it would first appear. You could just say the public will buy a house and the more public there is there is more demand for the good. This in turn would allow housing companies to charge larger prices and so only the rich can afford it. The problem is that people don't have to buy a house they can rent one or share one. As well as these factors they can take out a loan to buy the house and pay it back over a period of time. Loan companies charge interest and when interest rates are low more people take out loans as they don't have to pay back such a large sum of money. With lots of loans companies coming up, it has become very easy for anyone to get loan whatever their background is like. Renting a house can be done in lots of ways. Some people make their career in it they buy lots of houses and rent them to people who are unable to buy a house. This is good for people who are only in the country for a short period of time, as you can charge them large amounts because of the location of your house. Some people don't have any money at all and are in a bad economic state and are given a house/flat by the council. They still have to pay money to live in the house but less than from private rent business. Private rent businesses are there to make a profit and will charge higher prices and have better quality goods to match. When looking at price it normally goes on a set pattern that as high prices means less demand and vis versa. The problem was this didn't happen and looking at figure 4.8. This is due to the low interest rates charged by loan companies mentioned above. When addressing others factors you need to look at the country and is it going through some sort of event. During a depression people are find it hard to get a job due to high unemployment. With this the demand for new house with the public wouldn't become a luxury that

Organizational behaviour Essay

An organization is a group of people who work independently towards a common goal. Organization achieves their goals by creating, communicating, and operating the system existing in every organization. To better organize and manage the organization, manager needs to understand the element of the social system, role and role conflict, as well as the culture of the organization. In this assignment, we were asked to study a case regarding the role conflict and culture that were faced by Amir as a management trainee at a well-established organisation which at the same time, he is a husband and a father of two children. Based on the study case, we found out that Amir is facing with inter-role conflict, personal-role conflict, role overloads and role ambiguity. All these role conflicts must be solved professionally as it can affect Amir’s work performance and the perception of the organizational members towards him. In order to resolve these problems, Amir has to study the changes t hat happen in the culture of the organization as he needs to adapt with the new environment. There are two types of cultural changes in organization, that are the cultural revolution and the cultural evolution. In Amir’s case, he is confronted with the cultural revolution. Thus, he needs to know the process of creating back the organizational culture so that he can create a good culture. Look more:  starbucks moorhead essay OBJECTIVE 1. To define organization culture. 2. To describe the factors shaping the organizational culture. 3. To know role and define role conflict in the study case. 4. To know how to resolve the role conflict in organizational. DISCUSSION Question 1 Do you think that Amir is facing the problem of role conflict? If yes, identify the kind of role conflict Amir is facing. Role is when someone understands the relative importance of those tasks, in other words, they know the priorities of their various responsibilities, while role conflict is a situation in which an individual encounters  deviating role expectations. In my opinion, yes, Amir is facing the problem of role conflict that consists of inter-role conflict, person role conflict, role overload and role ambiguity. Below is the explanation about these role conflicts in this case. I. Inter-role conflict Inter-role conflicts occur when an individual occupies more than one role with inconsistent expectations. In other words, certain role with expected of a person are in conflict with the other roles that the person holds. For example, Aminah has a class-mate that wants to lodge at their room for one day but the room-mate disagree because they have their own rule which is not outsiders are allowed to stay in the room. In this situation, Aminah has to faces the conflict on which role should be performed whether as a class-mate or a room-mate. In Amir’s case, Amir as a husband does not know how to manage time between the family and the company. Amir was required to do all kinds of work until he has become a workaholic. In the same time, Amir was not able to give sufficient time to his family as he devoted most of his time working even on Sundays. II. Person-role conflict Person-role conflicts may define when a role holder is required to perform a role that contradicts or violates the role holder’s attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. As an example, when a staff expected to punch card for his friend, indirectly it may contradicts the staff attitude and beliefs where by a staff in the company should not to punch card for the other staff except themselves. Throughout Amir’s case, Amir has to assign with various other roles and was required to coordinate and communicate with diverse groups of the workforce.  However, the team members do not want to give full cooperation in fulfilling the tasks. Indirectly, was scolded by the boss for errors committed by other team members. III. Role overload Role overload occurs when there is a lack of balance or reasonableness in the number or the extent of expectations from a role holder. It also happens when the expectations sent to a role holder are unmanageable and there is not enough time for the role holder to perform all the roles expected of him or her. For example, where a student is expected to study while at the same time expected to do part time job. As a student, they must expect to perform some other roles even though it is impossible to be done in the same time. In this case, it’s similar with Amir which is he was required to do all kinds of managerial task from conducting office correspondence and conducting business meetings to solving the complaints of customers and subordinates. As time passed, Amir became more efficient and performed various roles in increasing effective manner. IV. Role Ambiguity Role ambiguity occurs when there is lack of clarity in understanding what expectations or prescriptions exist for any given role. A role holder lacks sufficient information in performing the role. This results in the role holder feeling unsure on how to act in his or her role. As an example, a new student in second intake was entered in the university and they did not receive complete information regarding the subject or any related activities. Indirectly, the student’s do not sure how to act in his or her role. In this case, the first few months on job Amir have to faced on stress which  is he was entrusted with limited tasks related to his area of expertise as a management. It is because the organization did not explained to him regarding his role as a management trainee. Question 2 What could be done to resolve his problem? For every problem, there will be solutions and ways to overcome. Amir who deals with many types of role conflicts can handle the problems well if he knows how to deal with it. I. Inter-role conflict In solving Amir’s dilemmas of role conflict as a worker and as a head of family members, the best way in dealing with these problems is he must know how to manage his time well. He also needs to understand and distinguish his responsibilities in holding both roles. Amir should avoid working on weekends as that is the only time to have a good time with the family members. This is to make sure that at the same time of being a dedicated worker to the organization, he can spend his quality time with his family members as well. II. Person-role conflict As a former Management Executive, for sure Amir will expect the task of management trainee would involves his area of expertise that is, management. However, different roles were assigned to him. In solving this matter, Amir should confront with his superior and ask for a good explanation regarding his exact tasks that he needs to fulfill. He also should stand for his right if he was scolded for errors not committed by him. In my opinion, even though the tasks given are not in his area, Amir can take the tasks as a new thing to learn. III. Role overload As a worker, the tasks given by the superior is a must to do but, if Amir thinks there is a lot of work to be done in a time, he should suggests his superior an assistant if possible. Amir should not be stressful with the multi tasks given in order to maintain a good quality of work. If the superior could not fulfill his suggestion, maybe Amir could ask for higher pay. Even though money could not promise happiness and could not replace the time that he can be with his family, at least he would feel satisfied and appreciated for the job he done. IV. Role Ambiguity The transfer of information between the sender and the receiver is very important in an organization. Improper communication of information definitely will result misunderstanding between both parties. In solving Amir’s role ambiguity as he was not explained the role as a management trainee, what he should do is get a clear information on his role from his superior. Even though he has a strict taskmaster, he must be brave enough to ask and get the exact information from him. Or else, he should get the right information either from the seniors or other colleagues. Question 3 Comment on the culture of the organization that Amir work in.  Prior to comment further on the culture of the organization that Amir work in, it is necessary to explain briefly on what is the Organizational Culture. Organization are more than a workplace, they are place where people spend most of their time. Thus, the culture of the organization is important for employees to stay and work happily. Organization Culture according to Robbins and Judge is a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organization. Organization Culture is a set of assumption, beliefs, values, and norms shared by everyone in an organization. Organization Culture change in two ways, Cultural Revolution and Cultural Evolution. There are two main type of organization culture, and it is called dominant cultures and subcultures. It is appropriate to categories that the type of  culture that Amir works in is subcultures. Subcultures develop to reflect common problems, situations or consequences that are faced by members in a department. However, it is also includes the core values of the organization. Correspondence to Amir situation that can be seen from the case study article, it is said that his role as management trainee is not properly explain, and when he is assigned with various roles that required him to communicate to a different group of workforce, problem started to occurs and these problem starting to put pressure on Amir. A cooperation that is essential in completing a task was not given to him by other members, instead they act rudely to him. And if there is an error made by other members Amir was the person who will be scolded by his boss. We can see here that it is logical to categories that Amir working in a subcultures environment because Amir is facing a problem in his work, and he is the one who received the consequences of others mistakes, and it is clearly that the core values of the organization isn’t quite harmony because of the values and ethics that is being practice by other members in the organization.. Differ with dominant culture, dominant culture are the core values that are shared by everyone in an organization, which can be understand that everyone have a same work ethics that allow them to complete their work efficiently. Cultural change is influence or is shape by several factors, firstly is characteristic of people within the organization, the values, beliefs, and attitudes that is bring by the people inside are shared with each other. If most of them have good values it will influences other to do so and vice versa. Secondly, cultural change is being shape by the nature of employment relationship. This factor comes from human resources policies that is enforced in an organization, for example trying bonuses with performance levels. Employees may take these policies as motivating factors to work harder. Third factors is design of organizational structure, defines as primary reporting relationship that exists within an organization where a division of work can be seen clearly. Lastly, cultural change can be shape by the organizational ethics, it is a moral values, rules and principles outlined to employees on how they should act and behave when it comes to dealing with each other and also with people outside the organization. A suggestion could be shared here, as a top management in an organization, Amir’s boss should be a role-model to his subordinates, he should create an efficient organizational culture in order for them to achieve successfulness. In order to create a prosper organizational culture, Amir’s boss can follow the following steps. First step is formulae a strategic values, which is a basics beliefs about an organization’s environment. Secondly is, develop cultural values, which the values that the employees need to have and act upon in carrying out its strategic values. Third step is, create vision, vision is a picture of what the organization is going to be in the future. Fourth step is, initiate implementation strategies, which is develop action strategies to accomplish its vision. And last step which is the step five is, reinforce cultural behaviors, reinforcement may take various form such as reward system that acknowledged desired behaviors. CONCLUSION Organizational behaviour is concerned with people’s thoughts, feelings, emotions and actions in setting up work. Understanding individual behaviour is in itself a challenge but understanding group behaviour in an organization environment is a monumental managerial task. Role conflict is a situation in which an individual encounters divergent role expectations. This occurs due to different perception and expectations of a person’s role. As we work together in an organization, we should treat people in the organization as a family. In this way, it is easier for us to communicate and interact with each other. The organization itself needs to plant this input in the minds of the workers so that the people that work in the roof of the firm will work happily without any conflicts. REFERENCE 1. Organizational behaviour oxford Sarah Sabir Ahmad 2. Kamus Dwibahasa Oxford Fajar Joyce M. Hawkins

Teachers weren’t teachers at all Essay

Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotesTeachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotesTeachers weren’t teachers at all Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes Teachers weren’t teachers at all. Teachers plays a major role for making a students future bright and progressive. They teaches us to write, count and read, they guide and enhance our learning skills. These weren’t always the things a teacher do. Because teachers weren’t teachers at all. Very often, we fail to show our appreciation and gratitude for their devotion. Teachers do need encouragement and support to feel that their efforts re recognized. World Teachers Day celebrated every October 5 aims to let each teachers in the world to know their worth. We thank our teachers for giving us their invaluable guidance. A day every year to celebrate is nothing compared their lifetime teaching us so many things. Books and references wasn’t always their basis of teaching. But sharing their life experiences and faults became our basis on what ways and steps to take in the future. On how a teacher applies her effort just to make sure each students will learn from her. Celebration of Teachers Day is considered to be the best opportunity for all the students to show their appreciation to their teachers. By giving colorful flowers, greeting cards with touchy messages and quotes